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|common_name = Malawi |image_flag = Flag of Malawi.svg |image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Republic of Malawi.svg |image_map = Location Malawi AU Africa.svg |map_caption = |national_motto = "Unity and Freedom"〔 |national_anthem = |official_languages = English〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Malawi Government )〕 |national_languages = Chichewa〔 |ethnic_groups = |ethnic_groups_year = 2008 |demonym = Malawian |capital = Lilongwe |latd=13 |latm=57 |latNS=S |longd=33 |longm=42 |longEW=E |largest_city = Lilongwe |government_type = Unitary presidential republic |leader_title1 = President |leader_name1 = Peter Mutharika |leader_title2 = Vice-President |leader_name2 = Saulos Chilima |legislature = National Assembly |area_km2 = 118,484 |area_sq_mi = 45,747 |area_rank = 99th |area_magnitude = 1 E11 |percent_water = 20.6% |population_estimate = 16,407,000〔(FAO estimate for year 2013 )〕 |population_estimate_year = 2013 |population_estimate_rank = 64th |population_census = 9,933,868〔 |population_census_year = 1998 |population_density_km2 = 128.8 |population_density_sq_mi = 333.6 |population_density_rank = 86th |population_docter_person= 350 (As of 2012 ) |GDP_PPP_year = 2012 |GDP_PPP = $14.265 billion〔 |GDP_PPP_rank = |GDP_PPP_per_capita = $857〔 |GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = |GDP_nominal = $4.212 billion〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Malawi )〕 |GDP_nominal_year = 2012 |GDP_nominal_per_capita = $253〔 |Gini_year = 2010 |Gini_change = |Gini = 43.9 |Gini_ref = 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Gini Index )〕 |Gini_rank = |HDI_year = 2013 |HDI_change = steady |HDI = 0.414 |HDI_ref = |HDI_rank = 174th |FSI = |FSI_year = 2007 |FSI_rank = 29th |FSI_category = Alert |sovereignty_type = Independence |established_event1 = from the United Kingdom |established_date1 = 6 July 1964 |established_event2 = republic |established_date2 = 6 July 1966 |established_event3 = Current constitution |established_date3 = 18 May 1994 |currency = Kwacha (D) |currency_code = MWK |time_zone = CAT |utc_offset = +2 |time_zone_DST = not observed |utc_offset_DST = +2 |drives_on = left |calling_code = +265 |cctld = .mw〔 |footnotes = • Population estimates for this country explicitly take into account the effects of excess mortality due to AIDS; this can result in lower life expectancy, higher infant mortality and death rates, lower population and growth rates, and changes in the distribution of population by age and sex than would otherwise be expected. • Information is drawn from the CIA Factbook unless otherwise noted. }} Malawi (, or ; or ()), officially the Republic of Malawi, is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Malawi is over with an estimated population of 16,777,547 (July 2013 est.). Its capital is Lilongwe, which is also Malawi's largest city; the second largest is Blantyre and the third is Mzuzu. The name Malawi comes from the Maravi, an old name of the Nyanja people that inhabit the area. The country is also nicknamed "The Warm Heart of Africa".〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Malawi, The Warm Heart of Africa )〕 Malawi is among the smallest countries in Africa. Lake Malawi takes about a third of Malawi's area. The area of Africa now known as Malawi was settled by migrating Bantu groups around the 10th century. Centuries later in 1891 the area was colonized by the British. In 1953 Malawi, then known as Nyasaland, a protectorate of the United Kingdom, became a protectorate within the semi-independent Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland. The Federation was dissolved in 1963. In 1964 the protectorate over Nyasaland was ended and Nyasaland became an independent country under Queen Elizabeth II with the new name Malawi. Two years later it became a republic. Upon gaining independence it became a single-party state under the presidency of Hastings Banda, who remained president until 1994, when he lost an election. Peter Mutharika is the current president. Malawi has a democratic, multi-party government. Malawi has a small military force that includes an army, a navy and an air wing. Malawi's foreign policy is pro-Western and includes positive diplomatic relations with most countries and participation in several international organisations. Malawi is among the world's least-developed countries. The economy is heavily based in agriculture, with a largely rural population. The Malawian government depends heavily on outside aid to meet development needs, although this need (and the aid offered) has decreased since 2000. The Malawian government faces challenges in building and expanding the economy, improving education, health care, environmental protection, and becoming financially independent. Malawi has several programs developed since 2005 that focus on these issues, and the country's outlook appears to be improving, with improvements in economic growth, education and healthcare seen in 2007 and 2008. Malawi has a low life expectancy and high infant mortality. There is a high prevalence of HIV/AIDS, which is a drain on the labour force and government expenditures. There is a diverse population of native peoples, Asians and Europeans, with several languages spoken and an array of religious beliefs. Although there was periodic regional conflict fuelled in part by ethnic divisions in the past, by 2008 it had diminished considerably and the concept of a Malawian nationality had re-emerged. ==History== (詳細はhunter-gatherers before waves of Bantu-speaking peoples began emigrating from the north around the 10th century. Although most of the Bantu peoples continued south, some remained permanently and founded ethnic groups based on common ancestry.〔Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 142〕 By 1500 AD, the tribes had established the Kingdom of Maravi that reached from north of what is now Nkhotakota to the Zambezi River and from Lake Malawi to the Luangwa River in what is now Zambia.〔 Soon after 1600, with the area mostly united under one native ruler, native tribesmen began encountering, trading with and making alliances with Portuguese traders and members of the military. By 1700, however, the empire had broken up into areas controlled by many individual ethnic groups, which was noted by the Portuguese in their information gathering.〔Davidson, ''Africa in History'', pp. 164–165〕 The Swahili-Arab slave trade reached its height about 150 years ago, when approximately 20,000 people were enslaved and considered to be carried yearly from Nkhotakota to Kilwa where they were sold.〔"(Malawi Slave Routes and Dr. David Livingstone Trail )". UNESCO World Heritage Centre.〕 Missionary and explorer David Livingstone reached Lake Malawi (then Lake Nyasa) in 1859 and identified the Shire Highlands south of the lake as an area suitable for European settlement. As the result of Livingstone's visit, several Anglican and Presbyterian missions were established in the area in the 1860s and 1870s, the African Lakes Company Limited was established in 1878 to set up a trade and transport concern working closely with the missions, and a small mission and trading settlement was established at Blantyre in 1876 and a British Consul took up residence there in 1883. The Portuguese government was also interested in the area so, to prevent Portuguese occupation, the British government sent Harry Johnston as British consul with instructions to make treaties with local rulers beyond Portuguese jurisdiction.〔John G Pike, (1969). Malawi: A Political and Economic History, London, Pall Mall Press pp.77–9, 83–4.〕 In 1889, a British protectorate was proclaimed over the Shire Highlands, which was extended in 1891 to include the whole of present-day Malawi as the British Central Africa Protectorate.〔F Axelson, (1967). Portugal and the Scramble for Africa, pp. 182–3, 198–200. Johannesburg, Witwatersrand University Press.〕 In 1907, the protectorate was renamed Nyasaland, a name it retained for the remainder of its time under British rule.〔Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. xxvii〕 In a prime example of what is sometimes called the "Thin White Line" of colonial authority in Africa, the colonial government of Nyasaland was formed in 1891. The administrators were given a budget of £10,000 (1891 nominal value) per year, which was enough to employ ten European civilians, two military officers, seventy Punjab Sikhs, and eighty-five Zanzibar porters. These few employees were then expected to administer and police a territory of around 94,000 square kilometres with between one and two million people.〔Reader, ''Africa'', p. 579〕 In 1944, the Nyasaland African Congress (NAC) was formed by the Africans of Nyasaland to promote local interests to the British government.〔Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. 28〕 In 1953, Britain linked Nyasaland with Northern and Southern Rhodesia in what was the Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland, often called the Central African Federation (CAF),〔 for mainly political reasons.〔Murphy, ''Central Africa'', p. li〕 Even though the Federation was semi-independent the linking provoked opposition from African nationalists, and the NAC gained popular support. An influential opponent of the CAF was Dr. Hastings Banda, a European-trained doctor working in Ghana who was persuaded to return to Nyasaland in 1958 to assist the nationalist cause. Banda was elected president of the NAC and worked to mobilise nationalist sentiment before being jailed by colonial authorities in 1959. He was released in 1960 and asked to help draft a new constitution for Nyasaland, with a clause granting Africans the majority in the colony's Legislative Council.〔 In 1961, Banda's Malawi Congress Party (MCP) gained a majority in the Legislative Council elections and Banda became Prime Minister in 1963. The Federation was dissolved in 1963, and on 6 July 1964, Nyasaland became independent from British rule and renamed itself Malawi. Under a new constitution, Malawi became a republic with Banda as its first president. The new document also formally made Malawi a single-party state with the MCP as the only legal party. In 1971, Banda was declared president-for-life. For almost 30 years, Banda presided over a rigidly authoritarian regime, which ensured that Malawi did not suffer armed conflict.〔Cutter, ''Africa 2006'', p. 143〕 However, oppositional parties like the Malawi Freedom Movement of Orton Chirwa or the Socialist League of Malawi existed but were founded in exile. Despite his political severity, however, Malawi's economy while Banda was president was often cited as an example of how a poor, landlocked, heavily populated, mineral-poor country could achieve progress in both agriculture and industrial development.〔Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', p. 285〕 While in office, and using his control of the country, Banda constructed a business empire that eventually produced one-third of the country's GDP and employed 10% of the wage-earning workforce.〔Meredith, ''The Fate of Africa'', p. 380〕 All money earned by Banda was ploughed back into developing Malawi and was symbolized by the building of a top boarding school called Kamuzu Academy (Eton of Africa). In Banda's own words "''I do not want my boys and girls to do what I had to do — to leave their homes and their families and go away from Malawi to get an education''", was the reason for gifting this school to Malawi. Under pressure for increased political freedom, Banda agreed to a referendum in 1993, where the populace voted for a multi-party democracy. In late 1993 a presidential council was formed, the life presidency was abolished and a new constitution was put into place, effectively ending the MCP's rule.〔 In 1994 the first multi-party elections were held in Malawi, and Banda was defeated by Bakili Muluzi (a former Secretary General of the MCP and former Banda Cabinet Minister). Re-elected in 1998, Muluzi remained president until 2004, when Dr. Bingu wa Mutharika was elected. Although the political environment is described as "challenging", as of 2009, the multi-party system still exists in Malawi. Multiparty parliamentary and presidential elections were held for the fourth time in Malawi in May 2009, and President Mutharika was successfully re-elected, despite charges of election fraud from his rival. President Mutharika was seen by some as increasingly autocratic and dismissive of human rights, and in July 2011 protests over high costs of living, devolving foreign relations, poor governance and a lack of foreign exchange reserves erupted. The protests left 18 people dead and at least 44 others suffering from gunshot wounds. In April 2012, Mutharika died of a heart attack; the presidential title was taken over by former Vice-President Joyce Banda. In 2014 Joyce Banda lost elections (coming third) and was replaced by Peter Mutharika, the brother of the third elected president of Malawi. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Malawi」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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